The examples of the graph are such as line graph pie chart bar chart and so on. statistics is also a mathematical way that based on therefore statistics try to infer the attributes of a large amount of data from examining a set of samples and allowing for educated guesses with minimal expense. difference between open and closed questions open question closed question question designed to develop own knowledge and feeling without controlling and limiting process to encourage complete and meaningful answer. question provided with the options for choosing answers to the respondents. receive long answer receive short answer often require more than one-word answer only require one word answer which can be yes or no often used as essay questions often used as multiple choice questions time taken to answer open questions are longer time taken to answer closed questions are shorter advantages between open and closed question open questions closed questions allows respondents to include their feeling information understanding and attitude to answer the questions easier and quickly answer the questions researchers can understand the true feelings of respondents about a problem. answers almost are not difficult to understand.
Respondents are not likely to forget their answer from choosing. easily to compare and rate the data if comparing with several people. researchers have a chance to express their true feelings to the issue respondents are limited their feelings to answer the questions. population data versus sample data population data the data is from every individual of interest. it is including each and every unit of the groups. the characteristics are parameter. it focuses on identifying the characteristics. it focuses on making inferences about the population. quantitative data versus qualitative data quantitative data data which can be counted or expressed in numerical values. for example age gender and number of children. the research methodology in this data is conclusive. the method collect the data are through surveys experiment and observations. the research methodology in this data is exploratory.
Four useful questions in the closed question format: do you working yes no what transportation when travel to working place bus car motorcycle walk how long for travel to the working place 5 15 minutes 20 30 minutes 40 55 minutes more than 1 hours how. the comparison becomes easier after simplifying the data it can be correlated or compared. statistics helps to compare data collected from different sources. the relationship between the two groups is best expressed by some mathematical quantity such as the mean or coefficient. the comparison is one of the main functions of statistics because the meaning of absolute numbers is very small. measuring uncertainty the future is uncertain but statistical data helps the various authorities in the phenomenon of the world to make correct estimates by taking and analyzing the various data in this section.
Therefore uncertainty may be reduced. sampling method multistage random sampling dividing a large population into several stages makes the sampling process more practical. it allows researchers to use random or cluster sampling after determining the group. it can lead to a lot of errors because it involves the division and subdivision of each level or cluster at different stages. allows for a large number of possibilities for maximizing or minimizing the convenience variance or interpretability of methods. it causes the estimate to change more than any other sampling method avoid problems that are randomly sampled from populations larger than the researchers’ resources can handle. generally it is less efficient than a suitable single-stage random sampling. researchers will be given limited time and fund when sampling from populations. high level of subjectivity.it is a structured way to collect and analyze data from the different source that based on measured values and expressed the numerically. the purpose of a researcher who collects the qualitative data is to know more deeply describe the cause of events and their impact on people.
The purpose of a researcher who collects the quantitative data is because of it attempt to quantify a problem and understand how widespread it is by finding more predictable results for more people. the researcher who uses the method in qualitative data is exploratory such as it is to provide insights and understanding. the researcher who uses the method in quantitative is conclusive in nature which aims at testing a specific hypothesis and examine the relationship. for example qualitative data is including beauty hardworking gender and nationality. for example quantitative data is including high weight length and area.measuring association descriptive statistics inferential statistics meaning descriptive statistic is to let scientists see patterns between data to understand the data.
It is to study the relationships between variables within a sample and then make predictions about how those variables will relate to a larger population.usage descriptive statistics is to describe what will happen in a population or data set.. the purpose of the descriptive method is describing explaining and validating research findings. the advantages of the descriptive method are having a chance to integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection for this method it has three main type of description such as observational method case study method and survey method. for the observational method animal and human are closely observed. it has two main categories such as naturalistic observation and laboratory observation. for the case study method it is studied in depth of an individual or a group of individual. it should not be used to determine cause and effect. for the survey method it gets the result through interview or questionnaires. the survey should reliable and valid and constructed the question properly. exploratory method it is to explore the research questions and does not intend to offer final and conclusive solutions to existing problems.
It is to determine the nature problem and not to provide conclusive evidence but it helps to understand more about the problem. the purpose of this method is present of uncertain problem of study. through this purpose can easily find out the problem. the advantage of the exploratory method is can save time and effective in laying the foundation that will lead to future research. for this method it has three main type of research such as secondary data experience data and pilot studies. for secondary data it is a data that were developed by someone and helping to solve the current problem. for experience data it means that the particular person has practical experience and the particular person can help to give data. for pilot studies it is to detect weakness in a design and instrument. it can also reveal errors in the design. confirmatory method it is used to test whether the measurement of the structure is the same as the researchers’ understanding. the purpose of this method is to find out if the theory is supported by facts.
This method is the most common use by the researcher. it is because researcher needs to fit or compare the previous analytic research with the current research. it is to evaluate the evidence using traditional tools such as significance inference and confidence. for example the higher the population in a city the demand will become higher thats why it may cause the price further increase. chart it is a graphical representation data which is represented by the symbol such as lines bars and circles. the method of present the data which can be easily interpreted and become useful information. it is used to communicating a message that is contained in the shape of the data and also to reveal the relationship among many values. for example the type of charts is consisting of histogram bar chart pie chart and line chart. histogram it is a representation of a frequency distribution of numerical data and also it is estimated for the probability distribution of continuous variable.
Use to plot the frequency of score occurrences in a continuous data set that has been divided into classes. bar chart it is formed by rectangles of equal width and high it also has three type of bar chart such as simple bar chart multiple car chart and component bar chart. can be used for a lot of other types of variables including ordinal and nominal data sets. pie chart it will represent as a circle which is in 360 degrees and the aim of the pie chart is to illustrate proportions. to indicate proportionate or proportional data and usually the percentages represented by each category. line chart it is a type of chart that displays information as a series of data points called ‘markers’ that are connected to a straight line. used to compare changes over the same time period to more than one group and use when trying to compare the whole part.
