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Nowadays

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Translation plays an important role in life. We do communication in daily life. Through translation, people are able to communicate in this multilingual world. It can help people share information, knowledge, ideas, and lots of things to each other. Not only exchanging information, translation enables people to exchange cultures as well. We can learn cultures from other countries in many ways. By watching movies, reading books, or even talking to the natives directly. In doing such thing, translation is very crucial.

According to Hatim and Mason (1997) “translation is defined as an act of communication which attempt to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for different purposes and different readers/hearers)”(p.1). Newmark (1988) states that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. From those definition, it can be concluded that translation is not only about exchanging meaning from SL to TL, but also carrying the meaning to the TL so that the readers/hearers understand the text. Yuliasri (2015) stated that translator, in his/her task of translating, must be able to comprehend the source text in the source language, and then render the text in the target language for comprehension by the target readers.

There are many differences found in both source language (SL) and target language (TL), such as in the form of structure, culture and style. Therefore, translation is very useful for people who do not have good ability in understanding SL. They are able to translate the SL to the TL to be understood. However, translation is not an easy thing to do. It might be difficult to establish its equivalence. The different structure and system in both languages might become the obstacles in establishing the equivalence.

The enhancement of the technology has also provided some translation tools; however, the technology itself, such as google translate, sometimes is not able to understand the contexts of the texts beyond the sentences which provides miss information for the target readers (Hartono & Ismail, 2016). In this present time, there are many bilingual storybooks that can be found in our surroundings. Children’s storybooks have significant role in language learning. They are mostly in the form of fables and fairy tales. Bilingual storybooks are created to facilitate children in learning their first language as well as the foreign language. The most common form of bilingual children’s storybook in Indonesia is English – Indonesia or Indonesia – English version.

In translating a storybook, a translator should be able to choose the proper diction since the readers of the books are mostly children and their parents. Storybooks can give implicit impact to children, especially in relation to the moral values stated in the story. Thus, the translators should be smart in choosing the proper and correct diction so that it does not change the intended meaning. In this study, the writer aims at investigating the translation techniques used in a bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave” and figuring out the dominant technique and the reason why the dominant technique of translation is used in the storybook.

The storybook is written by Heidi Howarth and is translated by Maria M. Lubis. The translation techniques used in this study is the techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). Translation Techniques According to Molina and Albir (2002), a technique in translation is the result of a choice made by a translator, its validity will depend on various questions related to the context, the purpose of the translation, audience expectations, etc. Then, they define translation techniques as procedures to analyse and classify how translation equivalence works (p.509). There are five basic characteristics of translation techniques.

They are as follows: 1. They affect the result of the translation 2. They are classified by comparison with the original 3. They affect micro-units of text 4. They are by nature discursive and contextual 5. They are functional There are many classifications of translation techniques proposed by some experts. In this study, the writer used the translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). There are 18 translation techniques that are described below: 1. Adaptation To replace a source text (ST) cultural element with one to target text (TT) from the target culture. ST : He likes to play baseball. TT : Dia suka bermain kasti. 2. Amplification To add detailed informations that are not formulated in the ST namely explicit paraphrase.

It occurs when the TT uses more signifiers to cover syntactic or lexical gaps. ST : You’re early today. TT : Kamu datang lebih cepat hari ini. 3. Borrowing To take a word or expression straight from another language. It is a very simplest procedure among others. In this technique, a word or an expression is taken from the source language and used in the target language. It can be pure (without any change) or naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the TL). ST : My sister likes to download music from the internet. TT : Saudara perempuanku suka mendownload musik dari internet.

ST : A disease victim TT : seorang korban wabah penyakit 18. Variation To change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. ST : That’s the idea! TT : Itu asiknya! Bilingual Storybook A storybook is a book containing a story or collection of stories intended for children (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/storybook). Noerjanah (2017) defines bilingual books as books with two different languages written either on the same page or facing pages. From bilingual storybooks, children are able to get knowledge of other languages and they learn other cultures as well. By reading the bilingual storybooks, children are also able to find out some new vocabularies that they might not get from their surroundings. In bilingual children’s storybooks, translation plays a crucial role in delivering the message of source language (SL) to the target language (TL) naturally, accurately and readable

In translating the text, translators should take into account the diction that they will choose. The translators should choose the correct and appropriate diction regarding the readers of the storybooks are mostly children and their parents. In this study, the writer aims at investigating the translation techniques used in a bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave” and figuring out the dominant technique and the reason why the dominant technique of translation is used in the storybook. The storybook is written by Heidi Howarth and is translated by Maria M.

Lubis. METHOD The design of the study is descriptive qualitative. This design is applied to obtain detailed information about a phenomenon and describe what was going on with it without influencing it. This study aims at explaining the translation techniques used in a bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave” and figuring out the dominant technique and the reason why the dominant technique of translation is used in the storybook. The source of data is a bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave”, written by Heidi Howarth and translated by Maria M. Lubis.

The book is published by Little Kaifa Publisher, PT. Mizan Pustaka Bandung in 2014. The genre of the book is fable. The object of the study is a word, phrase, clause or sentence in the storybook. The storybook consists of 95 clauses from 52 sentences. The full source of data is presented in Appendix 1.

The method of collecting data is documentation method. In documentation method, reading every sentences and taking notes are the crucial aspects. The technique for analyzing the data consists of  reading the Indonesian and the English text,  identifying the translation techniques used in the storybook, classifying the techniques based on Molina and Albir’s classification,  calculating the occurrences of each technique,  finding the most dominant technique of translation used in the storybook, and interpreting the result as well as drawing conclusion. In analyzing the data, the writer used the translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002).

This study aims at investigating the translation techniques used in a bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave” and figuring out the dominant technique and the reason why the dominant technique of translation is used in the storybook. The source of data is a bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave”, written by Heidi Howarth and translated by Maria M. Lubis. The book is published by Little Kaifa Publisher, PT. Mizan Pustaka Bandung in 2014.

The storybook consists of 95 clauses from 52 sentences. In 95 clauses, the writer found that there were 13 translation techniques used by the translators. The result of the analysis is presented in the table below: Table 1. The number and percentage of the translation techniques No. Translation techniques Number of occurrence Percentage 1 Amplification 20 21% 2 Literal Translation 15 16% 3 Transposition 13 14% 4 Modulation 11 12% 5 Compensation 10 10% 6 Reduction 9 9% 7 Linguistic Compression 6 6% 8 Established Equivalence 4 4% 9 Adaptation 2 2% 10 Generalization 2 2% 11 Particularization 2 2% 12 Linguistic Amplification 1 1% 13 Borrowing 1 1% Total 95 100% Table 1 shows the number and the percentage of the translation techniques used in the storybook.

From the table above, the most dominant technique is amplification, 20 times of usage (21%). The next technique is literal translation with 15 times of usage (16%). The lower percentage of the technique are linguistic amplification and borrowing with 1 time of usage (1%). 1. Amplification This technique is used 20 times (21%). The translator adds detailed information which does not exist in the source text. For example: Clause no.

36 ST : The water is warm and calm here. TT : Akhirnya, disini, airnya hangat dan tenang. The translator adds the word akhirnya that does not exist in the ST to emphasize that finally the character in the story found the place as what it wants. 2. Literal Translation This technique occurred 15 times (16%). The translator translates the text word by word. For example: Clause no.33 ST : He must swim.

TT : Dia harus berenang. In translating the text “he must swim”, the translator translates the text word by word. It is translated into “dia harus berenang”. 3. Transposition This technique is used 13 times (14%).

The translator changes the grammatical category in translating the ST to the TT. For example: Clause no. 3 ST : The sound of new lives beginning. TT : Suara hidup-hidup baru dimulai. In translating the text, the translator change the word class of beginning as a noun in the ST into dimulai as a verb in the TT.

Modulation This technique occurred 11 times (12%). The translator changes the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the source language. For example: Clause no.23 ST : he is focused on the ocean TT : matanya tertuju ke samudera In translating the text, the translator changes the point of view of the word “he is focused” into ” matanya tertuju”. 5. Compensation This technique is used 10 times (10%). The translator introduces a ST element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST. For example: Clause no.

8 ST : He knew deep inside TT : Dalam hatinya dia tahu Here, the translator introduces the words “deep inside” in the ST to be translated into “dalam hatinya” to suit the context in the TT. 6. Reduction This technique occurred 9 times (9%). The translator reduces unnecessary words in the TL. For example: Clause no.72 ST : shark lurk in the deep TT : ikan hiu mengintai In translating the text, the translator omits the word in the deep from the ST. However, it will not impact author’s intention since the point of the text has been conveyed.

Linguistic Compression This technique is used 6 times (6%). The translator synthesizes linguistic elements in the TL. For example: Clause no. 75 ST : When he is fully grown, TT : Setelah dewasa, Here, the translator synthesizes the linguistic element of the ST to make the words shorter in the TT without changing the meaning.

Established Equivalence This technique occurred 4 times (4%). The translator introduces a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in the TL. For example: Clause no. 18 ST : no Mummies or Daddies are there to help them. TT : tak ada Ibu atau Ayah yang bisa membantu mereka. In the text, the words Mummies and Daddies in the SL are equivalent in the TL as Ibu dan Ayah. 9. Adaptation This technique is used 2 times (2%). The translator replaces a source text cultural element with one from the target culture.

For example: Clause no. 64 ST : They swim many miles, TT : Mereka berenang sangat jauh, Here, the translator replaces the words many miles in the SL with the words sangat jauh in the TL since the words many miles do not exist in the TL culture. 10. Generalization This technique is used 2 times (2%). In this technique, the translator uses a more general or neutral term. For example: Clause no. 79 ST : He will find a wife, TT : Dia akan menemukan pasangan, In the text, the translator uses the more general term of wife. The translator translates the word “wife” in the SL into “pasangan” in the TL instead of the word “istri”. It might be because storybook is for children and it is better to use the word pasangan instead of istri. 11. Particularization This technique is used 2 times (2%). The translator translates the ST in a more precise or concrete term in the TT.

For example: Clause no. 26 ST : the Sea Gulls call TT : burung-burung camar yang berkaok-kaok Here, the translator uses a more precise term in translating the word call. The literal meaning is memanggil but in this context, the translator uses the word berkaok-kaok to make it more precise in describing how the Sea Gulls call. 12. Linguistic Amplification This technique is used 1 time (1%). The translator adds linguistic element in the translation from source to target language. For example: Clause no. 93 ST : playing nearby TT : yang bermain didekatnya In the text, the translator adds the word yang instead of using the same number of words bermain didekatnya. 13. Borrowing This technique is used 1 time (1%).

The translator takes a word or expression from the source language without translation. For example: Clause no. 87 ST : A cheeky anemone TT : Seekor anemon lucu Here, the translator takes the word anemone from the SL into anemon in the TL. Based on the findings, it can be seen that there are thirteen translation techniques used in translating the bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave”. The dominant translation technique is amplification with 20 occurrences (21%). The possible reason why the translator used more amplification technique is that the translator might want to get the texts easily to be understood.

Thus, the translator adds some detailed information related to the context. This finding is also in line with the study conducted by Afifah, Hartono & Yuliasri (2018) that amplification technique is used by the translator in order to make the text easily to be understood. CONCLUSION This study focuses on investigating the translation techniques used in a bilingual storybook entitled “What Makes Me Brave” and figuring out the dominant technique and the reason why the dominant technique of translation is used in the storybook. The storybook consists of 95 clauses from 52 sentences. From the findings and discussion, it can be concluded that there are 13 translation techniques used by the translators. They are amplification with 20 occurrences (21%), literal translation with 15 occurrences (16%), transposition with 13 occurrences (14%), modulation with 11 occurrences (12%), compensation with 10 occurrences (10%), reduction with 9 occurrences (9%), linguistic compression with 6 occurrences (6%), established equivalence with 4 occurrences (4%), adaptation with 2 occurrences (2%), generalization with 2 occurrences (2%), particularization with 2 occurrences (2%), linguistic amplification with 1 occurrence (1%) and borrowing with 1 occurrence (1%).

The dominant translation technique used in translating the storybook is amplification with 20 occurrences (21%). The possible reason why the translator used more amplification technique is that the translator might want to get the texts easily to be understood. Thus, the translator adds some detailed information related to the context. Overall, studying translation technique is always challenging. By studying translation technique, we will be able to figure out what techniques translators usually used in various texts, e.g. storybook, song lyric, subtitling, etc. Other researchers are suggested to explore more about translation techniques in different texts.

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