Abstract
The purpose of this study is to award a mathematical analysis of drug release from the different structure of polymeric nanoparticle delivery systems by comparing the drug release behavior from these particles in order to find an appropriate model that applicable to the whole of the release and not limited to a part of the process and then deciding which model is performed best. Drug release data from different polymeric nanoparticles have been applied in the five familiar models systems that extracted from the literature (as, zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson–Crowell, Korsmeyer-Peppas) models besides proposed model called Tanh model. The major finding showed that the Tanh model and First-order model gives the best fits of the parameters data as both models plots showed high linear correlation (R²=0.9781,0.9448) respectively.
Finally, this study concludes that the First-order model and proposed Tanh model can be successfully used to characterize drug and applied for prolonged drugs release. Keywords: Release Kinetics, Controlled Drug Delivery, Mathematical models, Polymeric Nanoparticles. 1. Introduction Nano-Medicine is a description of the use of nanotechnology in the medical and pharmaceutical fields.
This science started before 1950 and emerged to the research fields since the 1990s of the last century, but the ability to control of the kinetics of drug release has been a problem since that time, where all the manufactured drugs in forms of pill or capsules released the loaded drug immediately when contact to water but with unable to control drug diffusion or dissolution 1, 2. in 1952 the first controlled release formulation of delivery of dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) was introduced for 12- hour 3, 4.
From that point until the end of the 1970s and the early 1980s the drug release mechanisms such as diffusion, ion exchange, dissolution and osmosis based mechanisms was established where a special attention has been given to these mechanisms as controllable drug delivery systems 5. Nowadays, there are a rapid increase in nanoparticles and nanotechnology uses of biology notably in the biological applications, furthermore the polymer nanoparticles (PNP)s was used to develop the control drug delivery system inside the body and evaluate release rate kinetics using several existing mathematical models which they are suitable because of the mathematics essence is to make complex things simple, it is therefore necessary to guarantee that the new dosage form of this drug present the dissolution in appropriate manner in order to allow for both effective and likewise safe and reliable application of these bioactive compounds to the patient 6.
For the quantitative analysis, it is easier when suitable mathematical model principles are used of the values obtained in dissolution study of any dosage form in order to describe the process as a function of characteristics of some dosage form 7. In recent years, the number of publications of nanotechnology in the field of medicine has increased significantly because of its vastly importance in the drug delivery to the target place and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs on Healthy cells. where it was the mathematical modeling and drug delivery have been investigated by a number of scientists and the synopses of the studies using Polymer Nanoparticles and release Kinetics contain a variety of uses of the techniques in the kinetic evaluation of drugs besides all the works done on mathematical modeling of the effect of chemotherapy on cancer treatment 8-10 there is a research gap in analyzing and evaluating the kinetics and mechanisms of the drug after released to predict the diffusion behavior and duration of the drug through polymers inside the body in order to control release and this is what the current research aims to achieve, the analyzed kinetics of drug release in this research using several mathematical models will serve as a platform to anticipate the diffusion behavior of the drug through polymers inside the body to the target place, best way for drug administration how many drugs per dose, how many times the drugs needed to be given each day and its efficacy. 2 The main constraint on this research was that the biological processes are highly complicated and the biological experiments are often submissive to measurement errors, additionally The greater the number of parameters that fitted in the mathematical model equations, the greater the difficulty and complexity of the equation, which in turn makes it difficult to write down them. Besides, the lack of laboratories and materials for tests and experiments and in order to apply the findings, some software, and simulation programs were used.
Methods In this work, to examine the release kinetics of different drug molecules from the different polymeric nanoparticles structures, such as Homogeneous Matrix Nanoparticle, core, shell Nano-capsules the release data were elicitation from the literatures and have been applied in the following five familiar models equations besides Tanh model were used to simulate a process behavior of drug release and to determine its kinetics from drug delivery systems. Models and equations were fitted in MATLAB in order to analyze and examine release rate profile data for the drug was used with weight ratio that varying from 1 to 4 wt% to encapsulate 1,2,3 and 4 wt% polymer which is these values are inspired from the literature 11, and therefore this research operation parameter values based on their values. M.file also used to display release curves for each equation, for each curves x-axis represent the time of drug release which ends during 240 minutes and the y-axis represent the cumulative release percentage and then then we investigated which model presented the best results and have achieved the study goal.
Application of drug release data on mathematical models: For all these exciting new drug and vaccine candidates, it is necessary to guarantee that the new dosage form of this drug is show the dissolution in the appropriate manner to allow the safe, effective and reliable application of these bioactive compounds to the patient 6. Various mathematical models are employed to understand drug release kinetics which is explained below: Zero-Order Kinetics Model The Zero-order release transporters are characterized by their high therapeutic efficiency due to their ability to prolong the drug circulation existence in bloodstream and keep it in constant level by determining the concentration of the drug in the plasma, which contributes greatly to reduce the toxic effects of the drug to the lowest levels 12. Knowing that a medicine works by zero order kinetics lets the administration person giving the drug realize the exact time of the pharmaceutical active agent dissolution, because this model is used for describe the pharmaceutical products forms that don’t disintegrate and they also release the medication slowly.
Hixson–Crowell Kinetics Model Also known as the root cube model which describes the release of a drug from systems that are limited to the rate of drug molecules dissolution from particles whose surface area and diameter change during the process and not limited to the drug diffusion which pass through polymeric matrix 14.
Korsmeyer-Peppas Kinetics Model “Also called “The Power Law”, and is usually used to compare differences between these matrix constructs release profile, to grasp the kinetics of drug release and to examine the release of drug from the polymeric particles forms, also used to describes the unknown release mechanism or when the release processes involve mutable release phenomenon type 15.
Tanh Function Tanh function is a delivery system based on diffusive release which is derived during the diffusional process through theoretical analysis. also, this model is characterized by the diffusive release of the drug from the homogeneous matrix and by this model can distinguish between different models fall in the same release type as used by Peppas and collaborators. The need of this model have come up due to the of drug release other models is limited to a part of the process which in turn has increased the need to find a model that could be applied across the whole drug release process and also, limit the release to 100% 11.
Goodness-of-Fit Model-Dependent Approach for Release Kinetics Mathematical software (MATLAB) was used as an analysis tool to determine the goodness of fit using the Curve Fitting Tool and the Distribution Fitting Tool to assessed the goodness of fit by considering the: ( R² values, the R² adjusted, AICc) which takes account of the number of fitting parameters, and the size-corrected and a comparison was adopted to select the ”best model” to study drug dissolution/release phenomena by evaluating the deviation of dissolution data using a goodness of fit to the kinetic models by compared the values for each model.
Results
In this work, several existing mathematical models were used to simulate a process behavior of drug release and to determine its kinetics from drug delivery systems. Models equations were fitted in MATLAB in order to analyze and examine release rate profile and investigated which model presented the best results. The Tanh function and the first-order model were the two models which performed best and gave the best results as shown in (Figs 1,2 from a- g), where they gave the best goodness of fit values which they are defined by the highly values for (R² or R² -adj) and 4 the smaller values for size-corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) as summarized in (Table 1). The simulations process allows us to determine release behavior and kinetic evaluation of drug concentration with varying particle size, drug, and polymer weight ratio.
Discussion
Mathematical Models Release Kinetics There are a number of mathematical models for drug release kinetics which can be used to inspect release profile of drug from its release products which can be released as sustained or controlled products. As illustrated in (Figs 1,2 a-g), the simulations allow us to determine release behavior and kinetic evaluation of drug concentration with varying particle size, drug, and polymer weight ratio as illustrated in (Table 2). Tanh function can be represented using more general mathematical functions.
(Figure 1) shows that this function has extended-release products which make the availability of drug in blood streams for a long period of time after intake and all graphs (a-g) shows that the release becomes stable from the100th minute which means that the drug becomes more stable and this function performed best in cases S1, S2, and S3. “The greater the concentration ratio of the polymer to the drug will led to slowed down the release from the matrix as indicated by the first-order release rate constant values” 17. (Figure 2) shows that the first order model is an exponential function which represents an exponential graph and all graphs (a-g) shows that the release becomes constant from the 100th minute which means that the drug becomes more stable and this model performed best in cases S1, S5, and S6.
For the polymer with a high initial water content where the drug release rate increases over time and in this situation the release follow the diffusion-controlled release which in turn follow the first-order release. In order to represent the kinetics of the drug release process and to characterize between varied models of the particle structures, these research results of the five kinetic equations were compared with those obtained in previous studies and other, the results resembled as follows: Zero-order equation: describes the release process from drug delivery devices which are characterized as low solubility in water, i.e. when the release rate is independent of the concentration of dissolved species and is used to describe the constant release of drugs such as transdermal systems and oral osmotic slabs.
First-order equation: describes the release process of drugs water-soluble dosage forms, i.e. when the drug release rate based on the concentration of the dissolved species 21-23. Higuchi’s equation: describes the use for Hydrophilic matrix slabs and also this model is used to describes the release process of insoluble matrix that the solid drug was distributed in and in this type the release rate is associated to the diffusion rate of drug. Hixon-Crowell’s cub root equation: describes the release process from the porous matrix and from the sustained release slabs where there is a change in the weight of the particles due to the change of the drug particles species surface area and diameter.
Korsmeyer- Peppas equation: Apply only to the first 60% of the release and are used to describe the release of drugs from polymeric systems which may have more than one type of release mechanism or patterns also, used when the release kinetics is unknown. The release designs can be categorized into devices that release the drug at a slow rate from which maybe follow the zero order or first order release rate or to devices with a sustainable component that releases the initial dose quickly and then slowed down the release which may follow the zero order or first order release rate.
Goodness-of-Fit Model
The main problem lies in mathematical modeling is in determining the best model among many models that shows good fit. MATLAB software was used as an analysis tool. The release examine results of the six models were analyzed by curve fitting tool and the distribution fitting tool of MATLAB to examine which model showed the best fit to the models curves results and evaluated the goodness of fit by taking into account both of R² values, the adjusted R² which in turn considered into account the number of fitting parameters and, the AICc values. When comparing these research results of the straight line of Nonlinear regression analysis of the models which performed best with those obtained in previous studies, the results were found as follows: This study was showed high linearity when the regression line through all data points for the first-order yields the equation of the best line with (R² value = 0.9448, 0.9298) and in literature 23 shows that the R² value varying between (0.96-0.99) but in the case of Tanh function model, R² has a value of 0.9781 and in the study 11 shows that the R² value = 0.998. The difference between the above correlation coefficient values referred to the types of programs that were used in the calculations of nonlinear model fit.
Conclusion
There are several ways and approaches of evaluating the release kinetics of these drug dosage forms where the drug release kinetics come up with important information in improving and achieving drug delivery systems from nanoparticles.
This study, tried out to award a mathematical analysis of drug release from different structure of the polymeric nanoparticle delivery systems by comparing the drug release behavior from these particles in order to find an appropriate model that applicable to the whole of the release and not limited to a part of the process and then decide which model are performed best. Five conventional models were taken out from the literature were extracted and drug release data from the different structures of polymeric nanoparticles was applied and also was applied to the proposed model Tanh.
Polymeric nanoparticles were submitted as the most efficacious drug delivery vehicles because of they have a good pharmacological properties and this type of nanoparticle was taken in this work. Depending on the results, the First-order model and Tanh function can be successfully used to characterize the drug release kinetics from the polymeric nanoparticles and also, can be successfully applied for prolonged drugs release which gives the best fits of the parameters data as both models plots showed high linearity (R² = 0.9781, 0.9448) respectively. These views support that the Tanh model give the impression that it was sufficient flexible to describe the impact of system characteristics on the release process, notably this model contained the actual release since the start of the release contrary to the first order model, which began the release after an appropriate period of time, pointing out the drug release delayed.
In conclusion, the Tanh function was more appropriate model to apply and also was more usable in determine the release of the drug from polymer nanoparticles which leads to the required release profile in vivo. Acknowledgments Deepest gratitude goes to the (Dr. Megdi Eltayeb, Sudan University of Science and Technology) for share his knowledge in the field of using the Nanoparticles for Healthcare Engineering and his helpful comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
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