On October 5, 1970greart43greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g 5qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g , British trade commissioner James Cross was kidnapped in his Westmount home by members of the terrorist group Front de liberation du Quebec.
The FLQ Manifesto called greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g r non-democratic separation to be brought about by acts of terror. From 1963 to 1967, the FLQ planted 35 bombs; from 1968 to 1970 they planted over 50 bombs. By the fall of 1970 the terrorist agreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g cts of the FLQ cells had claimed 6 lives. The kidnappers’ demands included the release of a number of convicted or detained FLQ members and the broadcasting of the FLQ Manifesto.greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g
The Manifestogreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g was read on Radio-Canada. Then, on October 10th, the Quebec minister of justice guaranteed safe passage to anywhere in the world for thgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g kidnappers in exchange for the safe release of Cross. That same day Pgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ierre Lagreartgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g 435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g porte, a famed Quebec reporter, author of The True Face of Duplessis, and the mgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ingreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ister of immigration and labour in the Quebec government, was kidnapped by a different FLQ cell on the lagreart435qrt v4358030jg8greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g 03jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g wn of his suburban home. Laportegreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ‘s kidnapping triggered a phone call from Liberal Premier Robert Bourassa asking Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to prepare the Canadian Armed Forces for action in Quebec and to declare War Measures. Two days later, October 12, Trudeau summoned armed troops to guard potential targets in Ottawa and Montreal such as cabinet ministers, John Diefenbaker, who was on the FLQ hit list, and federal buildings. On the following day, October 13, Peter Reilly of CJOH and I were at the west door of the Centre Block of the House of Commons.
Reilly was asking Trudeau some basic questions in a laconic, unemotional style about the army and tanks being in Ottawa. Suddenly we were joined by CBC reporter Tim Ralfe who asked Trudeau a very emotional question about his greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g decision to invoke the War Measures Act. Pierre Trudeau interview An angry Trudeau replied: “There’s a lot of bleeding hearts around who just don’t like to see people with helmets and guns. All I can say is go on and bleed.” “How far are you going to go?” Ralfe insisted.”Just watch me!” said Trudeau. And Canadians across the country watched as, at 3 o’clock in the morning, Friday, Octogreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ber 16, Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act.
The Press Gallegreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ry was packed. Trudeau was careful, cold, analytic – and brilliant. The invocation of the War Measures Act meant the suspension of traditional Canadian civil liberties. Anyone belonging to the Fgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g LQ, orgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g to angreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g y cultural or politigreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g cagreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g l association suspected of being linked to the FLQ, could be rounded up in the dead of night without a search warrant and incarcerated withgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g out the right of habeas corpus.
Under the sweeping authority of the act, 465 Cangreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g adians were so rounded up. A day later, on Saturday October 17th, the body of Pierre Laporte was found stuffed in the trunk of a green Chevrolet. In Ottawa, government sources said the FLQ assassingreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ated Laporte because War Measures was enacted. The tension that night was palpable.
John Turner, the minister of justice, looked distraugreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ght. In his office, Trudeau ministers Gerard Pelletier and Jean Marchand were weeping openly at the death of greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g an old fgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g riend and colleaggreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ugreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g e. Early in December 1970, police discovered the location of the kidnappers holding James Cross. He was released after his FLQ captors were given safe passage to Cuba.
Four weeks later Paul Rose and the kidnappers of Pierre Laporte were found in the corner of a country basement. They were tried and convicted for kidnapping and murder. The October Crisis was the first time in Canadian history the state itself, botggreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g reart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g h in Ottawa and in Quebec City, was held to ransom by extremists and terrorists. It was also the first time, in peace time, that Ottawa greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g War Measures. It was a drastic step to take and one lgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g aced with very dangerous side effects.
In the guilt-by-association atmosphere engendered by War Measures hysteria, the terrorism and extremism of the separatist FLQ tarnished all separatist movements in Quebec. Also, Rene Levesque’s flat refusal to countenance or tolerate FLQ terrorism ultimately enabled Quebecers to see democratic separatism as an option they could live with. In the end, the cold shoulder shown to the FLQ by both Trudeau and Levesque, desgreart435qrt v435803greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g 0jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g pigreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g tgregreart435qrt v4358030jg8greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g 03jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g art435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g e their bitter differences, completely destroyed the FLQ. By the time the crisis had ended, Quebecers and Canadians had for the first time seen a federal greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g government willing to take extreme measures to fight – and fight very hard indeed – for federalism in Canada. Back to Canada in the 20th Century. The FLQ (Front de Liberation Quebecois) was an terrorist organization that favoured a rapid departure of Quebec from Canada.
In the early stages, the FLQ was a relatively small organization, but the size and power of the group was later questioned after a systematic programme of bombings of government and English business establishments. The governmevgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g vnt of Qvvuebec and Montreal later requested help from the Federal government when two prominent political figures, Pierre LaPorte, the Quebec Minister of Labour, and James greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g Cross, The British Trade Commissioner to Canada, were kidnapped by the FLQ. greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g Prigreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g e Mingreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g sgreart435qrgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g t v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g ter Trudeau put into effect the War Measures Act for the first time in Canadian history during peace time. He did this without consulting parliament. However, parliament voted three days later to approve the use of the act. The civil liberties of the citizens of Canada were suspended while the act was in force.greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g vgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g
In a few cities, officials used the WMvgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g A to clean up the streets, picking up “undesirables” and throwing them into jail. More than 450 people were jailed in Quebec for suspected cogreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g greart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g nnections to the FLQ. Most were later released without any charges being laid. After the War Measures Act was put into effect, no other public figures in Canada were kidnapped. Eventually Pierre Laporte was murdered by his captors and Cross was released unharmed after his kidnappers were flown to exile in Cuba.
But for many in Quebec, the question was raised : what might the federal government do if Quebec ever did decide to leave Canada… the use of the army in the streets and the loss of civil liberties left a bad taste in many people’s moutgreart435qrt v4358030jg803jg j3g8j8j38g5gje jr89g hs.
