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Examinations in secondary schools serve three main purposes.The first is a selection function and entails controlling access to secondary schools, courses within schools and entry to higher education institutions.
The second is a certifying function and entails finding out and reporting what a student has achieved, whether they have graduated and what they know and are able to do. In addition, systems often make use of examination results for accountability purposes and in particular for evaluating the effectiveness of instruction, for motivating students and teachers to perform well, and for reviewing the effectiveness of schools. Many examinations within the countries considered in this booklet are required to serve all three purposes.
